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Moslem Brotherhood |
Word: |
| The Muslim Brotherhood, also called Muslim Brethren (Arabic: جمعية الأخوان المسلمون jamiat al-Ikhwan al-muslimun, literally Society of Muslim Brothers) is an Islamic Islām
(In Arabic: الإسلام, "submission (to God)"; In Persian and Urdu: اسلام)
is a monotheistic faith and the world's second-largest religion.
Followers of Islam, known as Muslims, believe that God (or, in Arabic, Allāh)
revealed His Will to Muhammad (c. 570–632) and other prophets,
including Adam, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus. The Muslims hold that the
main written record of revelation to mankind is the Qur'an. Decades: 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s 1910s - 1920s - 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s Years: 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 EventsJanuary-May
..... Click the link for more information. by Hassan al Banna Hassan al Banna (October 14 1906 - February 12, 1949) was an Egyptian Islamist best known for founding the Muslim Brotherhood. He was born to a father who was a graduate of the al-Azhar Theological Seminary, a top Muslim seminary. He was admitted into Cairo University at the age of 16, because of his wealth in islamic knowledge. Banna memorized the entire Qur'an at a young age. He wrote the book Letter to a Muslim Student describing the fundamentals of the new Muslim Brotherhood, known in Arabic as al-Ikhwan. جمهوريّة مصرالعربيّة Official language Arabic Devlet-i Aliye-i Osmaniye Imperial motto: unknown Official language Ottoman Turkish Capital İstanbul (Constantinople) Sovereigns Sultans of the Osmanli Dynasty Population ca 40 million Establishment 1281 Dissolution October 29 1923 Currency Akçe The flag of the later Ottoman period Part of the History of Turkey ..... Click the link for more information. .
IdeologyThe Muslim Brotherhood opposes secular tendencies of Islamic nations and wants return to the precepts of the Qur'anThe Qur'an (Arabic al-qurʾān أَلْقُرآن; also transliterated as Quran, Koran, and less commonly Alcoran) is the holy book of Islam. Muslims
believe that the Qur'an is the literal word of God and culmination of
God's revelation to mankind, revealed to the Prophet Muhammad over a
period of Sufism (Arabic تصوف taṣawwuf) is the esoteric aspect of Islam. In modern language it might also be referred to as "Islamic spirituality". Many
Sufi practitioners are organized into a very diverse range of
brotherhoods and sisterhoods. Although many orders ("tariqas") can be
classified as Shi'a or Sunni or even both, there are a few that are
clearly not either Shiah or Sunni and so constitute a separate sphere
of Islamic faith. The organization's motto is as follows: “Allah is our objective. The Prophet is our leader. Qur'an is our law. Jihad is our way. Dying in the way of Allah is our highest hope” An important aspect of the Muslim Brotherhood ideology is the sanctioning of Jihad such as the 2004 fatwa issued by Sheikh Yousef Al-Qaradhawi making it a religious obligation of Muslims to abduct and kill USA citizens in Iraq.
MethodologyThe Muslim Brotherhood is working to spread its concepts and gain more followers. They work on the levels of school students, university students, inside mosques and at work. The tools they use are cassette tapes, booklets, camps for youth in schools and universities, and recently the Internet.
StructureThe Brotherhood has branches in 70 countries. They claim to have taken part in most pro-Islamic conflicts, from the Arab-Israeli WarsThe Arab-Israeli conflict is a long-running conflict in the Middle East regarding the existence of the State of Israel and its relations with Arab peoples and nations. Some uses of the term Middle East conflict apparently refer to this matter, but the region has been host to other disputes and wars not directly involving Israel (see List of conflicts in the Middle East) Despite The Algerian War of Independence
(1954–62) was a period of guerrilla strikes, maquis fighting, terrorism
against civilians on both sides, and riots between the French army and
colonists in Algeria and the FLN ((Front de Libération Nationale) and
other pro-independence Algerians. Although the French government of the
time considered all Algerian violence, including violence against the
French military, to be crimes or terrorism, some French people, such as
former anti-Nazi guerrilla and lawyer Jacques Verges have compared
French resistance to Nazi German occupation to Algerian resistance to
French occupation. Dowlat-e Eslami-ye Afghanestan (In Detail) (Full size) National motto: none Official languages: Pashtu ~30%, Persian (Dari) ~60% Capital: - Population: - Coordinates: Kabul 1,424,400 (1988) 34°30'N, 69°10'E ..... Click the link for more information. and Kashmir Kashmir is a region in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent. The term Kashmir historically described the valley just to the south of the westernmost end of the Himalayan range. Politically, however, the term 'Kashmir' describes a much larger area which includes the regions of Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh. The name Kashmir came to be applied to this region as a result of the activities ..... Click the link for more information. and al-Gama'at al-Islamiyya Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya Gama'at Islamiya (also Gamaat Islamiya and Jamaat al Islamiya) is a radical Islamist movement in Egypt. Gama'at Islamiya began as an umbrella organization for militant student groups, formed, like the Islamic Jihad, after the leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood renounced violence in the 1970s. The group claims as its
spiritual guide the blind cleric Omar Abdel-Rahman, who fled Egypt for
the United States, and is now serving a life sentence for his role in
the first attack on the World Trade Center. ..... Click the link for more information. ment of Muslim communities in Europe and the United States United States of America
HistoryThe Muslim Brotherhood began as a youth organization aimed at moral and social reform in Egypt. They regarded Islam as a way of life. Many Syrian supporters founded their own branches in Syria, one of which was the Aleppo branch, founded in 1935. The Aleppo branch eventually became the Syrian headquarters of the Brotherhood. The Brotherhood expanded its political involvement as the Party of the Muslim Brotherhood, Hizb Al-Ikhwan Al-Muslimoon.
During the 1930s, the Brotherhood became more political in nature and
an officially political group in 1939. In 1942, during World War II,
Hassan al Banna set up more Brotherhood branches in Transjordan and
Palestine. The headquarters of the Syrian branch moved to Damascus in
1944. After World War Two, Egyptian members took violent action against
King Farouk King Farouk of Egypt
(February 11, 1920 - March 18, 1965) was the penultimate King of Egypt,
succeeding his father Fuad I in 1936. His sister, Fawzia of Egypt was
Empress of Iran for a brief period. Upon
his coronation, the 16 year-old king made a public radio address to the
nation, the first time a King of Egypt had ever spoken directly to his
people. His father Fuad I did not speak any Arabic, and therefore did
not communicate to the Egyptian people. The 1948 Arab-Israeli War, called the War of Independence by Israelis and al Nakba
"the catastrophe" by Arabs, was the first in a series of wars in the
Arab-Israeli conflict. It established the state of Israel as an
independent state, with the rest of the British Mandate of Palestine
split into areas controlled by Egypt and Transjordan. Following
the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, the League of Nations
granted the British and the French "mandates" or temporary colonial
administration, over former Ottoman "Vilayets" or provinces south of
present day Turkey. The two powers drew arbitrary borders and created
three Arab countries -- Iraq, Syria, Lebanon -- that exist to this day. Years: Years:
The Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood initially supported Gamal Abd an-Nasser Gamal Abdel Nasser
(Arabic: جمال عبد الناصر, January 15, 1918 - September 28, 1970) was
the second President of Egypt after Muhammad Naguib and can be
considered one of the most important Arab leaders in history. Nasser was born in Alexandria, the son of a postal official. He spent part of his childhood living Nov – December – Jan Years: Cairo (Arabic: القاهرة; romanized: al-Qāhirah)
is the capital city of Egypt and has an estimated metropolitan area
population of 15 million. It is the largest city in both Africa and the
Middle East and is currently the thirteenth most populous city in the
world. While al-Qāhirah is the official name of the city, in local speech it is typically called simply by the name of the country, Mişr (Arabic, مصر) pronounced Maşr in the local dialect. Years:
Muslim Brother Abdul Munim Abdul Rauf allegedly tried to kill Nasser on October 26 October 26 is the 299th day of the year (300th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 66 days remaining. Sep – October – Nov Sayyid Qutb (9 October 1906 in Musha – executed on 29 August 1966) was an important theoretician of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood. He
first received a religious and then a modernist education before
starting his career in the Ministry of Public Instruction. He spent
from 1948 to 1951 in United States on a scholarship to study the
educational system, receiving a master's degree from the Colorado State
College of Education (now the University of Northern Colorado). The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, commonly called Jordan,
is a country in the Middle East. It is bordered by Syria to the north,
Iraq to the north-east, Saudi Arabia to the east and south, and Israel
and West Bank to the west. It shares the coastlines of the Gulf of
Aqaba and the Dead Sea. المملكة الأردنّيّة الهاشميّة République libanaise المملكة العربيّة السّعوديّة The organization opposed the alliance Egypt had with the USSR at the time, and opposed the communist influence in Egypt, to the extent that it was reportedly supported by the CIA during the 1960s. Nasser legalized the Brotherhood again in 1964, and released all prisoners. After claiming more assassination attempts against him, he had leaders executed in 1966 and imprisoned most others again. Nasser's successor in Egypt, Anwar Sadat, promised reforms, and that he would implement Sharia. However, Sadat's peace treaty with Israel in 1979 angered the Brotherhood again and most of the Egyptian people, which led to his assassination in 1981. In the 1950s, Jordanian members supported King Hussein of Jordan against political opposition and against Nasser's attempts to overthrow him. When the King banned political parties in Jordan in 1957, the Brotherhood was exempted. The Syrian branch was the next to be banned when Syria joined Egypt in the United Arab Republic (UAR) in 1958. The Brotherhood went underground. When Syria left the UAR 1961, the Brotherhood won 10 seats in the next elections. However, the Ba’th coup in 1963 forced them underground once more, alongside all the other political groups. The appointment of Hafez al-Assad, an Alawite Muslim, as the Syrian president in 1971 angered the Brotherhood even more because the majority of Muslims do not consider Alawites true Muslims at all. Assad initially tried to placate them, but made very little progress. Assad’s support of Maronites in the Lebanese Civil War made the Brotherhood re-declare its jihad. They began a campaign of strikes and terrorist actions. In 1979, they killed 83 Alawite cadets in the Aleppo artillery school. Assad’s attempts to calm them by changing officials and releasing political prisoners did not help. Eventually the army was used to restore order by force. An assassination attempt against Assad on June 25, 1980 was the last straw. Assad made the Syrian parliament declare Brotherhood membership a capital offense and sent the army against them. In the operation, which lasted until February of 1982, the Syrian army practically wiped out the Brotherhood, killing an unknown but large number of people in the Hama Massacre. The Syrian branch disappeared, and the survivors fled to join Islamic organizations in other countries. The Saudi Arabian branch convinced king Ibn Saud to let them start the Islamic University in Medina in 1961. After the Six-Day War in 1967, the movement as a whole split into moderates and radicals. The latter faction in Syria declared jihad against the Ba'th party leaders. King Hussein allowed the Jordanian branch to give military training to Brotherhood rebels in Jordan. In 1973, the Israeli government allowed local leader Ahmad Yassin to run social, religious and welfare institutions among Palestinian Muslims. In 1983, he was arrested for illegal possession of firearms and sentenced to prison. When he was released 1985, he became more popular then ever. When the first Intifada begun in 1987, he became one of the founders of Hamas. In 1984, the Muslim Brotherhood was partially reaccepted in Egypt as a religious organization, but was placed under heavy scrutiny by security forces. It remains a source of friction. In 1989, the Jordanian Brotherhood's political wing, the Islamic Action Front, won 23 out of 80 seats in Jordan's parliament. King Hussein tried to limit their influence by changing the election laws, but in the 1993 elections, they became the largest group in the parliament. They strongly opposed the Jordanian-Israeli Peace Treaty in 1994. In the early days of the Soviet-Afghan war, the Muslim Brotherhood was seen as a constituent part of the Afghan anti-communist opposition. The resistance movement in Afghanistan formed in opposition to the leftist policies of King Zahir Shah. The movement had connections to the Muslim Brotherhood. The Russian government alleges that the Muslim Brotherhood is a key force in the ongoing Chechen revolt. Russian officials accused the Muslim Brotherhood of planning the December 27, 2002 suicide car bombing of the headquarters of the Russian-backed government in Grozny, Chechnya. Today, however, the Muslim Brotherhood is viewed as a far more moderate group than other Islamist organizations operation in the Middle East, such as al-Qaida. In countries where they are permited to, the Brotherhood has competed in and supported free elections.
Prominient Muslim BrothersProminent Muslim Brothers include the late Sayyed Qutb, the late Hasan al-Banna, and Yusuf al-Qaradawi.
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